How Democracies Die by Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt

Last updated: Jul 21, 2023

Summary of How Democracies Die by Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt

How Democracies Die by Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt is a comprehensive analysis of the factors that contribute to the decline and erosion of democratic systems. The authors argue that democracies do not typically die through violent coups or military takeovers, but rather through gradual erosion of democratic norms and institutions.

The book begins by examining historical case studies of democratic breakdowns in countries such as Germany, Italy, and Venezuela. Levitsky and Ziblatt identify key warning signs and patterns that are often present in the lead-up to democratic decline. They emphasize the importance of institutions and norms that serve as "guardrails" for democracy, such as a free press, an independent judiciary, and a strong civil society.

The authors then explore the role of political parties in maintaining democratic systems. They argue that parties have a responsibility to act as gatekeepers, preventing the rise of authoritarian figures and extremist movements. However, when parties prioritize short-term gains over long-term democratic stability, they can inadvertently contribute to the erosion of democracy.

Levitsky and Ziblatt also discuss the role of polarization and political extremism in undermining democratic systems. They argue that when political elites and parties become increasingly polarized, they are more likely to view their opponents as enemies rather than legitimate competitors. This can lead to a breakdown in democratic norms and a willingness to undermine democratic institutions for political gain.

The authors highlight the importance of a strong and independent media in maintaining democracy. They argue that a free press serves as a check on government power and provides citizens with accurate information necessary for informed decision-making. However, when media outlets become polarized or controlled by political elites, they can contribute to the erosion of democratic norms.

Levitsky and Ziblatt also examine the role of populism in democratic decline. They argue that while populism can be a legitimate expression of popular discontent, it can also be used as a tool by authoritarian leaders to undermine democratic institutions. They caution against the dangers of leaders who exploit populist rhetoric to consolidate power and weaken democratic checks and balances.

In the final chapters of the book, the authors offer recommendations for protecting and strengthening democracy. They emphasize the importance of political leaders and parties who are committed to democratic norms and institutions. They also call for a renewed focus on civic education and media literacy to ensure that citizens are equipped to navigate the complexities of modern politics.

Overall, How Democracies Die provides a comprehensive analysis of the factors that contribute to democratic decline. Levitsky and Ziblatt argue that the erosion of democracy is often a gradual process that can be prevented through the vigilance of political leaders, parties, and citizens. The book serves as a timely warning and a call to action for those who value democratic governance.

1. The importance of institutional norms

In "How Democracies Die," Levitsky and Ziblatt emphasize the significance of institutional norms in maintaining a healthy democracy. They argue that while formal rules and laws are essential, it is the unwritten norms that truly safeguard democratic systems. These norms include mutual toleration, which means accepting the legitimacy of political opponents, and forbearance, which involves exercising restraint in the use of power. When these norms are eroded, democracy becomes vulnerable to authoritarianism.

The authors highlight the need for citizens and political leaders to actively protect and reinforce these norms. By understanding their importance and actively upholding them, individuals can contribute to the preservation of democracy. This insight is actionable as it encourages citizens to engage in political discourse that promotes mutual respect and tolerance, and to hold leaders accountable for their actions that undermine democratic norms.

2. The danger of political polarization

Levitsky and Ziblatt argue that extreme political polarization poses a significant threat to democracies. When political parties and their supporters view each other as enemies rather than legitimate opponents, it becomes easier for leaders to justify undemocratic actions. Polarization can lead to a breakdown of democratic norms, as individuals prioritize their party or ideology over democratic principles.

The authors suggest that citizens should actively work towards reducing polarization by seeking common ground and engaging in constructive dialogue. They emphasize the importance of finding shared values and goals that can bridge the divide between different political factions. By recognizing the dangers of polarization and actively working to mitigate it, individuals can contribute to the health and stability of democratic systems.

3. The role of media in democracy

Levitsky and Ziblatt highlight the crucial role of a free and independent media in sustaining democracy. They argue that a vibrant media landscape, with diverse sources of information and robust investigative journalism, is essential for holding leaders accountable and preventing the spread of misinformation.

The authors emphasize the need for citizens to support and consume news from reputable sources that adhere to journalistic standards. They also stress the importance of media literacy, encouraging individuals to critically evaluate the information they encounter. By actively engaging with reliable news sources and promoting media literacy, individuals can contribute to a healthier democratic discourse.

4. The danger of executive aggrandizement

Levitsky and Ziblatt warn against the concentration of power in the executive branch as a threat to democracy. They argue that when leaders accumulate excessive power and undermine checks and balances, it becomes easier for them to erode democratic institutions and norms.

The authors stress the importance of maintaining a system of checks and balances, where different branches of government hold each other accountable. They also emphasize the need for citizens to be vigilant and vocal in opposing executive overreach. By actively advocating for the preservation of checks and balances, individuals can help safeguard democracy from executive aggrandizement.

5. The significance of political parties

Levitsky and Ziblatt emphasize the role of political parties in maintaining democratic stability. They argue that strong and inclusive political parties act as gatekeepers, preventing the rise of extremist and anti-democratic forces.

The authors suggest that citizens should actively engage with political parties, supporting those that adhere to democratic principles and working to reform parties that have strayed from their democratic roots. By participating in party politics and advocating for democratic values within parties, individuals can contribute to the health and resilience of democratic systems.

6. The importance of democratic institutions

Levitsky and Ziblatt stress the significance of strong democratic institutions in protecting democracy. They argue that institutions such as an independent judiciary, free and fair elections, and a professional civil service are essential for preventing the erosion of democratic norms.

The authors emphasize the need for citizens to support and defend these institutions, as they provide the necessary checks and balances to prevent the concentration of power. By actively advocating for the independence and integrity of democratic institutions, individuals can contribute to the long-term stability of democracy.

7. The role of international support

Levitsky and Ziblatt highlight the importance of international support for democracy. They argue that democratic nations should actively support and promote democratic values globally, as the erosion of democracy in one country can have a ripple effect on others.

The authors suggest that citizens should advocate for their governments to prioritize democracy promotion in their foreign policies. By supporting international efforts to strengthen democratic institutions and norms, individuals can contribute to the global defense of democracy.

8. The need for civic engagement

Levitsky and Ziblatt emphasize the importance of civic engagement in maintaining a healthy democracy. They argue that citizens should actively participate in political processes, such as voting, joining advocacy groups, and engaging in peaceful protests.

The authors suggest that individuals should not take democracy for granted and should actively work to protect and strengthen it. By being informed, active, and engaged citizens, individuals can contribute to the vitality and resilience of democratic systems.