How We Got To Now by Steven Johnson

Last updated: Jul 12, 2023

Summary of How We Got To Now by Steven Johnson

How We Got To Now by Steven Johnson is a book that explores the history and impact of six key innovations that have shaped our modern world. Johnson takes readers on a journey through time, uncovering the interconnectedness of these innovations and the unexpected consequences they have had on society.

The first innovation Johnson explores is the discovery of glass. He explains how the invention of glass allowed for the creation of lenses, which revolutionized our understanding of the world. Lenses enabled the development of eyeglasses, telescopes, and microscopes, leading to advancements in science, medicine, and exploration.

The second innovation is the harnessing of cold. Johnson delves into the history of refrigeration and air conditioning, showing how these technologies have transformed our ability to preserve food, control our environment, and even shape the geography of cities. He also discusses the unintended consequences of these innovations, such as the spread of diseases and the impact on climate change.

The third innovation Johnson explores is the development of sound recording. He traces the evolution of sound recording technology, from the phonograph to modern digital formats. Johnson highlights the profound impact of recorded sound on music, communication, and the preservation of cultural heritage.

The fourth innovation is the discovery of artificial light. Johnson delves into the history of lighting, from candles to electric bulbs. He discusses how artificial light has transformed our daily lives, enabling us to work and play at any time of day or night. He also examines the environmental and health implications of artificial light, such as light pollution and disrupted sleep patterns.

The fifth innovation Johnson explores is the development of clean water systems. He examines the history of water sanitation and the impact it has had on public health. Johnson also discusses the challenges we face in ensuring access to clean water for all, particularly in developing countries.

The final innovation Johnson explores is the invention of the concept of time. He delves into the history of timekeeping and how it has shaped our understanding of the world. Johnson discusses the standardization of time, the development of clocks, and the impact of timekeeping on various aspects of society, such as transportation and communication.

Throughout the book, Johnson emphasizes the interconnectedness of these innovations and how they have shaped our modern world. He also highlights the unintended consequences and challenges that have arisen as a result of these innovations. How We Got To Now provides a comprehensive and thought-provoking exploration of the history and impact of these key innovations, offering readers a new perspective on the world we live in.

1. The Power of Serendipity

In "How We Got To Now," Steven Johnson explores the concept of serendipity and how it has played a significant role in shaping our world. Serendipity refers to the occurrence of valuable discoveries or insights by chance or accident. Johnson argues that many of the most important innovations in history have been the result of serendipitous moments.

For example, the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming was a result of a chance contamination of a petri dish. This accidental discovery revolutionized medicine and saved countless lives. Johnson emphasizes the importance of creating environments that foster serendipity, such as open collaboration spaces and interdisciplinary research, as these can increase the likelihood of unexpected breakthroughs.

2. The Ripple Effect of Innovations

Another key takeaway from the book is the concept of the "adjacent possible" and how innovations have a ripple effect on future developments. The adjacent possible refers to the set of possibilities that are one step away from the current state of affairs. Johnson argues that innovations create new opportunities and open up previously unexplored paths.

For instance, the invention of the printing press led to a surge in literacy rates, which in turn fueled the demand for eyeglasses. This increased demand for eyeglasses then drove the development of lenses and ultimately led to the invention of the microscope. Johnson's exploration of the ripple effect of innovations highlights the interconnectedness of ideas and how one breakthrough can pave the way for countless others.

3. The Role of Networks in Innovation

Johnson also delves into the importance of networks in fostering innovation. He argues that breakthroughs often occur when diverse ideas and perspectives collide. By connecting different individuals and disciplines, networks can facilitate the exchange of knowledge and spark new insights.

For example, the coffeehouses of 17th-century Europe served as hubs for intellectual exchange, bringing together scientists, philosophers, and artists. These networks of thinkers and innovators fueled the Enlightenment and led to significant advancements in various fields. Johnson suggests that fostering diverse networks and encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration can enhance innovation in today's world.

4. The Power of Collaboration

Collaboration is another key theme in "How We Got To Now." Johnson argues that many breakthroughs are the result of collaborative efforts rather than the work of lone geniuses. He highlights the importance of teamwork and collective intelligence in driving innovation.

For instance, the development of the internet was a collaborative effort involving numerous individuals and organizations. The internet as we know it today is the result of contributions from scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs from around the world. Johnson emphasizes the need for fostering collaborative environments and breaking down silos to encourage innovation.

5. The Unintended Consequences of Innovations

Johnson also explores the unintended consequences of innovations and how they can shape society in unexpected ways. He argues that every innovation has both positive and negative consequences, and it is crucial to consider the potential downsides before embracing new technologies.

For example, the invention of air conditioning revolutionized comfort in hot climates but also contributed to urban sprawl and increased energy consumption. Johnson's exploration of unintended consequences serves as a reminder to critically evaluate the impact of innovations and consider their long-term effects.

6. The Power of Exaptation

Exaptation refers to the process by which existing technologies or ideas are repurposed for new uses. Johnson highlights the power of exaptation in driving innovation and solving problems.

For instance, the invention of the telegraph, initially intended for long-distance communication, was later repurposed as a tool for weather forecasting. This unexpected application of the telegraph revolutionized meteorology and enabled more accurate weather predictions. Johnson encourages individuals and organizations to think creatively and consider how existing technologies or ideas can be repurposed to address new challenges.

7. The Importance of Failure

Johnson emphasizes the role of failure in the innovation process. He argues that failure is not something to be feared but rather an essential part of the journey towards breakthroughs.

For example, Thomas Edison famously failed thousands of times before successfully inventing the practical incandescent light bulb. Each failure provided valuable insights and brought him closer to the ultimate solution. Johnson encourages individuals to embrace failure as a learning opportunity and to persevere in the face of setbacks.

8. The Need for Long-term Thinking

Lastly, Johnson highlights the importance of long-term thinking in driving meaningful innovation. He argues that many breakthroughs take years or even decades to come to fruition and that society needs to invest in long-term research and development.

For instance, the development of renewable energy technologies requires sustained investment and commitment over time. Johnson urges policymakers, businesses, and individuals to prioritize long-term thinking and consider the potential impact of their actions on future generations.