How We Learn by Benedict Carey

Last updated: Aug 4, 2023

Summary of How We Learn by Benedict Carey

How We Learn by Benedict Carey is a comprehensive exploration of the science of learning and memory. The book challenges traditional beliefs about effective learning techniques and provides evidence-based strategies for optimizing learning and retaining information.

Carey begins by debunking the myth of the "good student" who diligently studies for hours on end. He argues that this approach is not only inefficient but also counterproductive. Instead, he suggests that spacing out study sessions and incorporating breaks can enhance memory consolidation and improve long-term retention.

The author also emphasizes the importance of mixing up study materials and varying the learning environment. This practice, known as interleaving, helps to strengthen neural connections and enhance the transfer of knowledge to different contexts. Carey provides numerous examples and studies to support these claims.

Furthermore, Carey explores the concept of "desirable difficulties," which suggests that introducing challenges during the learning process can actually improve long-term retention. He discusses the benefits of testing and self-quizzing as effective learning strategies, as they force the brain to retrieve information and reinforce memory traces.

Another key aspect of the book is the exploration of the role of sleep in learning and memory. Carey highlights the importance of quality sleep in consolidating information and discusses various techniques to optimize sleep for better learning outcomes.

In addition to these strategies, Carey delves into the impact of emotions, stress, and mindset on learning. He provides insights into how positive emotions can enhance learning and how stress can both hinder and facilitate memory formation. The author also explores the concept of growth mindset and its role in fostering a love for learning and resilience in the face of challenges.

Throughout the book, Carey presents a wealth of scientific research and studies to support his claims. He combines these findings with practical tips and techniques that readers can apply to their own learning endeavors. The book is written in an engaging and accessible style, making complex scientific concepts easily understandable.

In conclusion, How We Learn by Benedict Carey challenges conventional wisdom about learning and memory. It provides evidence-based strategies for optimizing learning, including spacing out study sessions, interleaving materials, incorporating testing, optimizing sleep, and managing emotions and mindset. This comprehensive and insightful book is a valuable resource for anyone interested in improving their learning abilities.

1. Spaced Repetition

One of the key takeaways from "How We Learn" is the concept of spaced repetition. This technique involves reviewing information at increasing intervals over time, rather than cramming it all in at once. Research has shown that spacing out your learning sessions allows for better retention and recall of information. By spacing out your study sessions, you give your brain time to consolidate the information and make stronger connections, leading to more effective learning.

Implementing spaced repetition in your own learning can be as simple as reviewing material multiple times over a period of days or weeks. For example, instead of studying for several hours in one sitting, you could break it up into shorter study sessions spread out over a few days. This approach not only helps with long-term retention but also reduces the likelihood of forgetting the material in the future.

2. Interleaving

Another interesting concept discussed in the book is interleaving. This technique involves mixing up different topics or skills during practice sessions, rather than focusing on one thing at a time. While it may seem counterintuitive, interleaving has been shown to enhance learning and improve long-term retention.

When you interleave your learning, you force your brain to constantly switch between different types of information, which strengthens your ability to discriminate between them. This helps you develop a deeper understanding of the material and enhances your ability to apply knowledge in a flexible manner. For example, instead of practicing one type of math problem repeatedly, you could mix in different types of problems to challenge yourself and improve your problem-solving skills.

3. Testing Effect

The testing effect is a powerful learning strategy discussed in the book. It refers to the finding that actively retrieving information from memory through testing or self-quizzing enhances long-term retention compared to passive studying. When you actively engage with the material by testing yourself, you strengthen the neural connections associated with that information, making it easier to recall in the future.

Implementing the testing effect in your own learning can be as simple as creating flashcards and regularly testing yourself on the material. This not only helps you identify areas of weakness but also reinforces your understanding of the material. Additionally, taking practice tests or participating in mock exams can be highly beneficial for long-term retention and improved performance.

4. Embrace Difficulties

Contrary to popular belief, struggling with learning is not necessarily a bad thing. In fact, embracing difficulties can lead to more effective learning and better long-term retention. The book highlights the importance of challenging yourself and pushing beyond your comfort zone to maximize learning.

When you encounter difficulties during the learning process, your brain is forced to work harder to understand and process the information. This increased effort leads to stronger neural connections and deeper learning. By embracing difficulties and persisting through challenges, you can enhance your learning outcomes and develop a growth mindset.

5. Sleep and Memory Consolidation

Sleep plays a crucial role in memory consolidation, as discussed in the book. During sleep, the brain processes and consolidates newly acquired information, making it easier to retrieve and remember in the future. Lack of sleep or poor sleep quality can impair memory formation and retention.

To optimize your learning and memory, it is important to prioritize quality sleep. Aim for a consistent sleep schedule and create a conducive sleep environment. Avoiding electronic devices before bed and practicing relaxation techniques can also help improve sleep quality. By prioritizing sleep, you can enhance your learning outcomes and improve your overall cognitive function.

6. Contextual Learning

Contextual learning refers to the idea that learning is more effective when it occurs in a meaningful and relevant context. The book emphasizes the importance of connecting new information to existing knowledge and real-life situations.

When you learn in a contextualized manner, you create stronger associations and connections between different pieces of information. This enhances your understanding and retention of the material. To apply this concept, try to relate new information to personal experiences, use real-life examples, or create mental images to help solidify the connections in your mind.

7. Active Learning

Active learning involves actively engaging with the material rather than passively consuming it. The book highlights the benefits of active learning techniques such as summarizing, teaching others, and self-explaining.

When you actively engage with the material, you deepen your understanding and improve your retention. Summarizing the information in your own words, teaching it to someone else, or explaining it to yourself can help solidify your knowledge and identify any gaps in your understanding. By incorporating active learning strategies into your study routine, you can enhance your learning outcomes and make the most of your study time.

8. Mindset and Beliefs

The book emphasizes the role of mindset and beliefs in learning. Your beliefs about your own abilities and the nature of intelligence can significantly impact your learning outcomes.

Adopting a growth mindset, which is the belief that intelligence and abilities can be developed through effort and practice, can lead to more effective learning. Embracing challenges, persisting through difficulties, and viewing failures as opportunities for growth are key components of a growth mindset. By cultivating a positive mindset and believing in your ability to learn and improve, you can overcome obstacles and achieve greater success in your learning endeavors.