How We Talk by N.J. Enfield

Last updated: Aug 4, 2023

Summary of How We Talk by N.J. Enfield

How We Talk by N.J. Enfield is a comprehensive exploration of human communication and the intricacies of language. Enfield delves into the various aspects of conversation, including the structure, rules, and social dynamics that shape our everyday interactions.

The book begins by examining the fundamental building blocks of conversation, such as turn-taking and the role of silence. Enfield highlights the importance of these seemingly simple elements in maintaining smooth and efficient communication. He also explores the concept of repair, which refers to the strategies we employ to fix misunderstandings or errors during conversation.

Enfield then delves into the cultural and social aspects of language, emphasizing how our communication is shaped by our cultural backgrounds and social norms. He discusses the role of politeness, politeness strategies, and the ways in which we navigate power dynamics through language. Enfield also explores the concept of context and how it influences our interpretation of meaning.

The book also delves into the fascinating world of nonverbal communication, including gestures, facial expressions, and body language. Enfield explores the universality of certain nonverbal cues and the cultural variations that exist. He also discusses the role of technology in communication and how it has shaped our interactions in the digital age.

Throughout the book, Enfield provides numerous examples and case studies to illustrate his points, drawing from a wide range of languages and cultures. He also incorporates insights from various fields, including linguistics, anthropology, psychology, and sociology, to provide a multidisciplinary perspective on communication.

Overall, How We Talk offers a comprehensive and insightful exploration of human communication. Enfield's engaging writing style and extensive research make this book a valuable resource for anyone interested in understanding the complexities of language and conversation.

1. Language is a social tool

In "How We Talk," N.J. Enfield emphasizes that language is not just a means of communication, but also a social tool that helps us navigate our interactions with others. Language allows us to express our thoughts, feelings, and intentions, and it also helps us understand and interpret the thoughts and intentions of others. By understanding language as a social tool, we can become more aware of the power dynamics and social norms that shape our conversations.

For example, Enfield discusses how language can be used to assert dominance or establish social hierarchies. Certain speech patterns or linguistic features may be associated with higher status or authority, while others may be seen as more submissive or deferential. By recognizing these dynamics, we can be more mindful of how we use language and how it may impact our interactions with others.

2. Context is crucial in understanding meaning

Enfield highlights the importance of context in understanding the meaning of language. Words and phrases can have multiple interpretations depending on the context in which they are used. For example, the word "run" can refer to physical activity, managing a business, or even a tear in a stocking. Without considering the context, it can be challenging to accurately interpret the intended meaning.

Understanding the role of context in communication can help us avoid misunderstandings and misinterpretations. By paying attention to the situational and cultural context in which language is used, we can better grasp the intended meaning and avoid potential conflicts or confusion.

3. Nonverbal communication is essential

While language is a powerful tool for communication, Enfield reminds us that nonverbal cues also play a crucial role in conveying meaning. Facial expressions, body language, tone of voice, and gestures can all provide additional information and context to our words.

By paying attention to nonverbal cues, we can better understand the emotions, intentions, and attitudes behind someone's words. This awareness can help us navigate conversations more effectively and respond appropriately to the nonverbal cues of others.

4. Language shapes our perception of reality

Enfield explores the idea that language not only reflects our perception of reality but also shapes it. The words and concepts available in a language influence how we think about and understand the world around us.

For example, certain languages may have specific words to describe concepts that are not present in other languages. This linguistic difference can impact how speakers of those languages perceive and categorize the world. By recognizing the influence of language on our perception, we can become more open to different perspectives and ways of understanding.

5. Conversations are cooperative endeavors

Enfield emphasizes that conversations are not just individual acts of speaking and listening but are cooperative endeavors. Successful conversations require participants to take turns, listen actively, and respond appropriately.

Understanding the cooperative nature of conversations can help us become better communicators. By actively listening and engaging with others, we can create more meaningful and productive conversations.

6. Language is constantly evolving

Enfield highlights that language is not static but is constantly evolving and adapting to new contexts and needs. New words, phrases, and meanings emerge, while others may become obsolete.

Recognizing the dynamic nature of language can help us embrace linguistic diversity and be open to new ways of communicating. It also reminds us to be mindful of the potential for language to change and evolve over time.

7. Cultural differences impact communication

Enfield explores how cultural differences can influence communication styles and norms. Different cultures may have varying expectations regarding politeness, directness, and the use of silence.

By understanding and respecting cultural differences, we can navigate cross-cultural communication more effectively and avoid misunderstandings or unintentional offense.

8. Language is a reflection of identity

Enfield highlights that language is not just a tool for communication but also a reflection of our identity. The way we speak, the words we use, and the accents we have can all contribute to how others perceive us and how we perceive ourselves.

By recognizing the connection between language and identity, we can become more aware of the biases and stereotypes that may be associated with certain linguistic features. This awareness can help us challenge and overcome language-based prejudices.