Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle

Last updated: Aug 19, 2023

Summary of Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle

Nicomachean Ethics is a philosophical work written by Aristotle, one of the most influential thinkers in ancient Greece. In this book, Aristotle explores the nature of ethics and the principles that guide human behavior in order to achieve a good and fulfilling life.

Aristotle begins by stating that every action we take aims at some good, and that the ultimate good is happiness. He argues that happiness is not found in external goods, such as wealth or power, but rather in the cultivation of virtues and the development of one's character.

Aristotle identifies two types of virtues: moral virtues and intellectual virtues. Moral virtues are acquired through habit and practice, and they involve finding the mean between extremes. For example, courage is the mean between recklessness and cowardice. Intellectual virtues, on the other hand, are acquired through education and reasoning, and they involve the pursuit of knowledge and understanding.

Aristotle emphasizes the importance of moral virtues in achieving happiness. He argues that a virtuous person is one who acts in accordance with reason and follows the golden mean. Virtue is not innate, but rather it is developed through repeated actions and choices. Aristotle also discusses the role of pleasure in the virtuous life, stating that pleasure should not be pursued for its own sake, but rather as a byproduct of virtuous actions.

In addition to virtues, Aristotle explores the concept of friendship and its role in a good life. He argues that friendship is essential for human flourishing, as it provides companionship, support, and the opportunity for moral growth. Aristotle distinguishes between three types of friendship: friendships of utility, friendships of pleasure, and friendships of virtue. The highest form of friendship is the friendship of virtue, where individuals genuinely care for each other's well-being and seek to help each other become better people.

Aristotle also discusses the concept of justice and its relationship to virtue. He argues that justice is the virtue that governs relationships between individuals and ensures that each person receives what they deserve. Justice is not only a virtue in itself, but it also contributes to the overall well-being of society.

In the final chapters of the book, Aristotle explores the concept of contemplation and its role in the good life. He argues that contemplation is the highest form of human activity, as it allows individuals to engage in the pursuit of knowledge and understanding. Contemplation is a virtuous activity that brings about a sense of fulfillment and happiness.

In conclusion, Nicomachean Ethics is a comprehensive exploration of ethics and the principles that guide human behavior. Aristotle emphasizes the importance of virtues, friendship, justice, and contemplation in achieving a good and fulfilling life. By cultivating virtues and engaging in virtuous actions, individuals can strive towards happiness and the ultimate good.

1. The Highest Good: Eudaimonia

In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle introduces the concept of eudaimonia, which can be translated as "the highest good" or "flourishing." According to Aristotle, eudaimonia is the ultimate goal of human life and the highest form of happiness. He argues that true happiness is not found in external pleasures or material possessions, but rather in the cultivation of virtue and the development of one's character.

Aristotle believes that eudaimonia is achieved through the practice of moral virtues, such as courage, justice, and wisdom. These virtues are not innate, but rather acquired through habit and practice. By consistently acting in accordance with these virtues, individuals can lead a virtuous and fulfilling life, ultimately attaining eudaimonia.

2. The Doctrine of the Mean

Aristotle introduces the concept of the doctrine of the mean, which suggests that moral virtue lies between two extremes. He argues that every virtue is a mean between two vices – one of excess and one of deficiency. For example, courage is the mean between recklessness (excess) and cowardice (deficiency).

This concept encourages individuals to find the right balance in their actions and emotions. It emphasizes the importance of moderation and avoiding extremes. By practicing the doctrine of the mean, individuals can cultivate virtuous habits and lead a more balanced and harmonious life.

3. The Importance of Moral Education

Aristotle emphasizes the significance of moral education in the development of virtuous individuals. He argues that moral virtues are not innate, but rather acquired through habit and practice. Therefore, it is crucial to provide proper moral education to cultivate virtuous habits from a young age.

Aristotle suggests that moral education should focus on teaching individuals to act virtuously and develop their character. This education should involve both theoretical knowledge and practical application. By instilling moral values and virtues in individuals, society can contribute to the overall well-being and flourishing of its members.

4. The Role of Friendship

Aristotle places great importance on friendship and its role in human happiness. He argues that true friendship is based on mutual goodwill, virtue, and shared values. Aristotle distinguishes between three types of friendship: friendships of utility, friendships of pleasure, and friendships of the good.

Friendships of utility are based on mutual benefits, while friendships of pleasure are based on shared enjoyment. However, Aristotle believes that the highest form of friendship is friendships of the good, where individuals genuinely care for each other's well-being and virtue. These friendships are long-lasting and contribute to the overall happiness and eudaimonia of individuals.

5. The Virtue of Magnanimity

Aristotle introduces the virtue of magnanimity, which can be translated as "greatness of soul." Magnanimity is the virtue of striving for excellence and greatness, while also maintaining humility and avoiding arrogance.

Aristotle argues that magnanimous individuals have a realistic view of their own worth and accomplishments. They do not seek excessive praise or recognition but are confident in their abilities. Magnanimity involves a balance between self-confidence and humility, allowing individuals to pursue greatness while remaining grounded.

6. The Role of Pleasure

Aristotle discusses the role of pleasure in the pursuit of eudaimonia. He argues that pleasure is not the ultimate goal but rather a byproduct of virtuous actions. Pleasure can be a guide to determine whether an action is virtuous or not, but it should not be the sole focus.

Aristotle distinguishes between higher and lower pleasures. Higher pleasures are associated with intellectual and moral activities, while lower pleasures are associated with physical and sensory gratification. He suggests that individuals should prioritize higher pleasures, as they contribute more to long-term happiness and eudaimonia.

7. The Importance of Habit

Aristotle emphasizes the role of habit in the development of virtuous character. He argues that moral virtues are not innate but rather acquired through habit and practice. By repeatedly performing virtuous actions, individuals can cultivate virtuous habits and become virtuous individuals.

Aristotle suggests that individuals should start practicing virtuous actions from a young age, as habits formed in childhood are more likely to become ingrained. He also emphasizes the importance of consistency in practicing virtuous actions, as habits are formed through repetition.

8. The Relationship between Ethics and Politics

Aristotle explores the relationship between ethics and politics, arguing that the purpose of politics is to promote the well-being and flourishing of individuals in society. He suggests that the ideal political system is one that cultivates virtuous individuals and provides them with the opportunity to lead a good life.

Aristotle believes that the state should play a role in promoting moral education and creating a just and virtuous society. He argues that individuals can only achieve eudaimonia within a well-ordered and virtuous community. Therefore, ethics and politics are closely intertwined, with the ultimate goal of both being the well-being and flourishing of individuals.