The Art of Fiction by John Gardner

Last updated: Sep 20, 2023

Summary of The Art of Fiction by John Gardner

The Art of Fiction by John Gardner is a comprehensive guide that explores the craft of writing fiction. Gardner, a renowned novelist and professor, delves into various aspects of storytelling, providing valuable insights and practical advice for aspiring writers. In the book, Gardner emphasizes the importance of creating a vivid and believable fictional world. He encourages writers to develop a deep understanding of their characters, their motivations, and their relationships. Gardner argues that a well-crafted story requires characters that are complex and multi-dimensional, with both strengths and flaws. Gardner also emphasizes the significance of plot and structure in fiction. He discusses the different types of plots, such as linear, episodic, and cyclical, and provides guidance on how to effectively structure a story. He emphasizes the importance of conflict and tension in driving the narrative forward and keeping readers engaged. Furthermore, Gardner explores the role of language and style in fiction writing. He encourages writers to develop their own unique voice and to experiment with different narrative techniques. He discusses the use of dialogue, description, and point of view, offering practical tips on how to effectively employ these elements to enhance the storytelling. Throughout the book, Gardner emphasizes the importance of revision and the need for writers to constantly refine their work. He provides guidance on how to identify and address common writing pitfalls, such as excessive exposition, clichés, and weak characterization. He also offers exercises and writing prompts to help writers practice and improve their skills. In addition to discussing the craft of writing, Gardner also delves into the ethical and moral responsibilities of the writer. He explores the power of fiction to illuminate the human condition and to provoke thought and reflection. He encourages writers to approach their work with integrity and to use their storytelling abilities to explore important themes and ideas. Overall, The Art of Fiction is a comprehensive and insightful guide for aspiring writers. Gardner's expertise and passion for the craft shine through in his exploration of various aspects of storytelling. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced writer, this book offers valuable advice and inspiration to help you hone your skills and create compelling works of fiction.

1. The Importance of Creating Vivid and Believable Characters

In "The Art of Fiction," John Gardner emphasizes the significance of creating vivid and believable characters in a story. He argues that characters are the heart and soul of any narrative and that readers connect with stories through the characters' experiences and emotions. Gardner advises writers to develop characters with depth, complexity, and individuality, making them feel like real people.

To achieve this, Gardner suggests that writers should pay attention to the characters' desires, fears, and motivations. He encourages writers to explore their characters' backgrounds, relationships, and personal histories, as these factors shape their behavior and decisions. By creating well-rounded characters, writers can engage readers on a deeper level, allowing them to empathize, relate, and invest in the story.

2. The Power of Showing, Not Telling

Gardner emphasizes the importance of showing rather than telling in fiction writing. He argues that simply stating facts or summarizing events can be dull and unengaging for readers. Instead, he encourages writers to use vivid and sensory details to immerse readers in the story.

Gardner advises writers to paint a picture with words, allowing readers to experience the story through their senses. By showing the characters' actions, dialogue, and thoughts, writers can create a more immersive and engaging reading experience. This technique not only brings the story to life but also allows readers to draw their own conclusions and interpretations, making the reading experience more interactive and personal.

3. The Importance of Conflict and Tension

Gardner emphasizes the significance of conflict and tension in storytelling. He argues that conflict is the driving force behind a compelling narrative, as it creates obstacles and challenges for the characters to overcome. Without conflict, a story can become stagnant and uninteresting.

Gardner advises writers to introduce conflicts that are meaningful and relevant to the characters' goals and desires. He suggests exploring both internal and external conflicts, as they add depth and complexity to the story. By creating tension and suspense, writers can keep readers engaged and invested in the outcome of the narrative.

4. The Role of Point of View

Gardner discusses the importance of choosing the right point of view for a story. He argues that the point of view determines how readers experience and interpret the events of the narrative. Different points of view offer different levels of intimacy and insight into the characters' thoughts and emotions.

Gardner advises writers to consider the advantages and limitations of each point of view before making a decision. He suggests experimenting with different perspectives to find the one that best serves the story. By carefully selecting the point of view, writers can enhance the reader's understanding and connection to the characters and their journey.

5. The Art of Dialogue

Gardner emphasizes the importance of crafting authentic and engaging dialogue in fiction writing. He argues that dialogue is a powerful tool for revealing character, advancing the plot, and creating tension and conflict.

Gardner advises writers to pay attention to the rhythm, tone, and vocabulary of their characters' speech. He suggests using dialogue to reveal the characters' personalities, relationships, and emotions. By writing dialogue that feels natural and true to each character, writers can bring their stories to life and make them more relatable to readers.

6. The Role of Setting

Gardner discusses the significance of setting in fiction writing. He argues that the setting not only provides a backdrop for the story but also influences the characters' actions, thoughts, and emotions.

Gardner advises writers to pay attention to the details of the setting, using sensory descriptions to create a vivid and immersive environment. He suggests exploring how the setting shapes the characters' experiences and contributes to the overall mood and atmosphere of the story. By carefully crafting the setting, writers can enhance the reader's understanding and emotional connection to the narrative.

7. The Importance of Revision

Gardner emphasizes the importance of revision in the writing process. He argues that writing is a craft that requires constant refinement and improvement.

Gardner advises writers to approach revision with a critical eye, looking for areas of improvement in plot, character development, dialogue, and prose. He suggests seeking feedback from trusted readers or writing groups to gain different perspectives and insights. By embracing the revision process, writers can polish their work and elevate it to its full potential.

8. The Role of the Writer as a Moral Observer

Gardner discusses the role of the writer as a moral observer in fiction writing. He argues that writers have a responsibility to explore and reflect upon the human condition, offering insights and perspectives on moral and ethical dilemmas.

Gardner advises writers to approach their work with empathy and compassion, seeking to understand and portray the complexities of human nature. He suggests that through their stories, writers can shed light on universal truths and provoke thought and introspection in readers. By embracing their role as moral observers, writers can create meaningful and impactful narratives.